What this quiz is, and what it stands on.
Confidence is a crowded market and most of it is sold on assertion. Below: how this works in plain terms, then every source it leans on — with a sentence on each and a link you can follow.
One of those sections is deliberately uncomfortable. It holds the studies that killed techniques we would otherwise be able to sell you, and one review that undercuts the premise of the whole industry. A page listing only supporting evidence would be worth less than nothing.
How it works, in plain terms
- What it actually measures
- Thirteen everyday situations — a Monday alarm, a message you need to send, someone praising your work — and what you do in each. We ask you to rate yourself exactly once, at the very end, and that number is deliberately kept out of the score: self-ratings are the least reliable input a quiz like this has. It is there so we can show you the gap between what you assumed and what your own answers said.
- What you get at the end
- Two things. A Confidence Index from 0 to 100, which is a reading of how you are operating right now rather than a verdict on you. And your dominant pattern — the tendency showing up most across your answers, out of Overthinker, Pleaser, Critic and Avoider.
- Why four patterns, and why that is a simplification
- Each one maps onto something psychologists have measured for decades: rumination, fear of negative evaluation, self-criticism, experiential avoidance. But traits like these sit on a continuum, so any four-way split is a convenience rather than a fact of nature. Most people show some of all four; the result names the loudest.
- What it is not
- Not a psychometric test, not a diagnosis, and not therapy. It has not been through formal validation — factor analysis on an independent sample, published reliability figures, evidence it correlates with established measures. Until that is done we call it an index, and nothing grander.
Where the model comes from
The quiz measures behavior rather than self-image, and the program is built around doing things rather than thinking about things. Both choices come from this work.
- Core
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change (opens in a new tab)
Bandura, A. · 1977
Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215
Sets out the four things that actually move your belief in what you can do, and ranks direct experience of managing something first — which is why the program is a sequence of small real attempts instead of a pep talk.
- Core
Validation of a New General Self-Efficacy Scale (opens in a new tab)
Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. · 2001
Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62–83
Shows a general, situation-independent measure of self-belief can hold together statistically, which is the reason a single 0–100 reading is defensible at all — though the same literature warns it will never predict any one specific situation well.
- Supporting
Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion (opens in a new tab)
Neff, K. D. · 2003
Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250
Defines and measures how people treat themselves when things go badly, which is the construct underneath the Critic pattern and the target of the exercises written for it.
The four patterns
Each pattern in the quiz maps onto a construct psychologists have measured for decades. The names are ours; the underlying tendencies are not. Most people show some of all four — the result reports which one is loudest, not which box you belong in.
- Core
Rethinking Rumination (opens in a new tab)
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. · 2008
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424
The reference review on churning the same thought without resolving it — the Overthinker pattern — and on the evidence that this style predicts later low mood rather than merely accompanying it.
- Core
A brief version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (opens in a new tab)
Leary, M. R. · 1983
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9(3), 371–375
The standard short measure of dreading other people's judgement, which is the mechanism the Pleaser questions are written to detect.
- CoreFree full text
Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology (opens in a new tab)
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. · 1991
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456–470
Separates perfectionism aimed at yourself from perfectionism you believe others demand, and finds the second is the one tied to distress — the distinction the Critic material is built on.
- Core
Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment (opens in a new tab)
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M., & Strosahl, K. · 1996
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1152–1168
Argues that steering around your own discomfort is a single habit showing up under many labels — the clearest description of what the Avoider pattern actually is.
- SupportingFree full text
The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure (opens in a new tab)
Steel, P. · 2007
Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94
Pools hundreds of correlations and finds putting things off tracks low confidence in your own capability far more than it tracks laziness, which is the link between the Avoider pattern and the index itself.
What actually has evidence behind it
These are the methods the 30-day program is assembled from. The effect sizes below come from trials that were usually run by clinicians with real support attached — a self-guided PDF should be expected to do less.
- Core
Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials (opens in a new tab)
Carpenter, J. K., Andrews, L. A., Witcraft, S. M., Powers, M. B., Smits, J. A. J., & Hofmann, S. G. · 2018
Depression and Anxiety, 35(6), 502–514
Pools the trials that compared structured cognitive-behavioral work against a placebo and finds a moderate advantage, which is the strongest support behind the behavioral experiments in the plan.
- CoreFree full text
Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes (opens in a new tab)
Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. · 2006
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69–119
Across roughly ninety tests, deciding in advance exactly when and where you will do something beats intending to do it, with a solidly moderate effect — the cheapest reliable technique we know of and the backbone of the daily structure.
- CoreFree full text
Self-Compassion Interventions and Psychosocial Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of RCTs (opens in a new tab)
Ferrari, M., Hunt, C., Harrysunker, A., Abbott, M. J., Beath, A. P., & Einstein, D. A. · 2019
Mindfulness, 10(8), 1455–1473
Twenty-seven randomized trials showing that training people to treat themselves decently produces moderate improvements in self-criticism and rumination — the evidence behind the Critic track.
- Core
Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression: A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Network Meta-analysis (opens in a new tab)
Karyotaki, E., et al. · 2021
JAMA Psychiatry, 78(4), 361–371
Finds digital programs with a human checking in beat ones without, and that people finish them far more often — which is the honest limitation of anything delivered as a PDF, including ours.
What the evidence does not support
This section exists because leaving it out would make the rest less trustworthy. Several popular confidence techniques did not survive scrutiny, and one well-known review undercuts the premise the entire self-esteem industry is sold on.
- Core
Does High Self-Esteem Cause Better Performance, Interpersonal Success, Happiness, or Healthier Lifestyles? (opens in a new tab)
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. · 2003
Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1–44
The review that went looking for evidence that raising self-esteem improves your life and largely failed to find it — success tends to raise self-regard rather than the other way round, which is precisely why we promise changes in behavior and refuse to promise a better career, better relationships or happiness.
- Supporting
Revisiting Our Reappraisal of the (Surprisingly Few) Benefits of High Self-Esteem (opens in a new tab)
Baumeister, R. F., & Vohs, K. D. · 2018
Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 137–140
The same authors fifteen years later, holding the conclusion and noting the reputational cost of a field that promoted self-esteem on correlational evidence.
- Supporting
Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance (opens in a new tab)
Carney, D. R., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Yap, A. J. · 2010
Psychological Science, 21(10), 1363–1368
The original forty-two-person study behind the most famous confidence tip of the last fifteen years; listed here because of what happened to it next, not because we rely on it.
- Supporting
Assessing the Robustness of Power Posing: No Effect on Hormones and Risk Tolerance in a Large Sample of Men and Women (opens in a new tab)
Ranehill, E., Dreber, A., Johannesson, M., Leiberg, S., Sul, S., & Weber, R. A. · 2015
Psychological Science, 26(5), 653–656
A far larger replication that recovered only the feeling of being powerful and none of the hormonal or behavioral effects — the reason posture tricks appear nowhere in our program.
- SupportingFree full text
Power Posing: P-Curving the Evidence (opens in a new tab)
Simmons, J. P., & Simonsohn, U. · 2017
Psychological Science, 28(5), 687–693
Re-examines the studies cited in defence of power posing and concludes they carry no evidential value once selective reporting is accounted for; the first author of the original study has since said publicly she no longer believes the effect is real.
- Supporting
To What Extent and Under Which Circumstances Are Growth Mind-Sets Important to Academic Achievement? Two Meta-Analyses (opens in a new tab)
Sisk, V. F., Burgoyne, A. P., Sun, J., Butler, J. L., & Macnamara, B. N. · 2018
Psychological Science, 29(4), 549–571
Two meta-analyses across hundreds of thousands of people finding that teaching a growth mindset moves achievement very little, which is why we treat it as a small ingredient rather than a headline.
- Supporting
Positive self-statements: Power for some, peril for others (opens in a new tab)
Wood, J. V., Perunovic, W. Q. E., & Lee, J. W. · 2009
Psychological Science, 20(7), 860–866
Finds that repeating flattering statements left people who already thought poorly of themselves feeling worse, not better — the reason there are no affirmations anywhere in this product.
- Core
How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world (opens in a new tab)
Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. · 2010
European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 998–1009
Tracked real people forming real habits and found a median of about sixty-six days with enormous variation, which kills the twenty-one-day myth and is why we describe thirty days as starting the change rather than finishing it.
What the Confidence Index is, and is not
The index is a structured self-assessment. It has not been through the validation a psychometric test requires, and we would rather say so here than imply otherwise anywhere else.
- Core
Cautionary comments regarding the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (opens in a new tab)
Pittenger, D. J. · 2005
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 57(3), 210–221
The standard critique of sorting people into personality types — traits are spread along a continuum, so any cut point is invented, which is why we report a dominant pattern and say plainly that most people carry traces of all four.
- Supporting
Predictors of treatment dropout in self-guided web-based interventions for depression: An individual patient data meta-analysis (opens in a new tab)
Karyotaki, E., et al. · 2015
Psychological Medicine, 45(13), 2717–2726
Around forty percent of people abandon fully self-guided programs before finishing a quarter of them — a number worth knowing before you buy anything self-guided, ours included.
- Supporting
The impact of guidance on internet-based mental health interventions — A systematic review (opens in a new tab)
Baumeister, H., Reichler, L., Munzinger, M., & Lin, J. · 2014
Internet Interventions, 1(4), 205–215
Confirms that some form of check-in reduces dropout and improves results, which is the single clearest thing we could add to this product and have not added yet.
What this means for what we promise
Reading the above honestly rules out most of what this market sells. We do not claim that feeling better about yourself will get you a promotion, a relationship, or a happier life — the evidence points the other way, and success seems to raise self-regard more reliably than self-regard raises success.
What we do claim is narrower and testable by you: fewer things avoided, less time lost to replaying conversations, decisions made faster, and a handful of things finally done that had been sitting for months. That is a smaller promise than our competitors make. It is also one we can defend.
Thirty days starts the change. It does not finish it — the habit-formation work above puts the median nearer sixty-six days, with a range wide enough that averages are close to useless for any one person.
The Confidence Index is a structured self-assessment, not a psychometric test and not a diagnosis. Turning it into one would mean factor analysis on an independent sample, published reliability figures, and evidence that it correlates with established measures in the directions you would expect. None of that is done yet, so we call it an index and nothing grander.
Your dominant pattern is the loudest of four tendencies, not a personality type. Most people show some of all four, and where you land can move over time.
Listing a paper here says nothing about its authors. None of the researchers cited are connected to Confbooster, and none of them endorse it. Spotted something we have got wrong? Write to hello@confbooster.com — corrections get made.